CRISPR-associated nucleases (Cas9, Cas12, Cas13) PPtx explain the RNA-guided enzymes that enable sequence-specific cleavage of DNA (Cas9, Cas12) or RN...

Protein secretion pathways in bacteria (Sec, Tat, Type I–VI secretion systems)Protein secretion pathways in bacteria include the Sec and Tat syst...

ABC Transporters: Structure, Function, and RegulationABC transporters are one of the largest and most widespread families of membrane transport ...

Phosphoenolpyruvate-Dependent Phosphotransferase System (PEP–PTS)The phosphotransferase system (PTS) is the best-known example of group transloc...

Microbial Transport Systems: Principles of membrane transport, Donnan equilibrium, thermodynamics of transport. Passive and facilitated diffusion, pri...

Microbial Fermentation: Biochemistry of lactic acid, alcoholic, mixed acid, butanediol, propionic acid, butyric acid fermentations; fermentation of am...

The mechanisms of oxygen toxicity and microbial defenses describe how reactive oxygen species generated during aerobic metabolism damage cellular comp...

Anaerobic Respiration: Alternative electron acceptors (nitrate, fumarate, sulfate, CO₂, metals), Ecological significance Microbial Physiology and Met...

Microbial sulfur metabolism includes assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathways, biosynthesis of cysteine and methionine, glutathione b...

Nitrogen Metabolism and Regulation in Microbes: The topic includes nitrate/nitrite assimilation and dissimilation, ammonium assimilation (GS-GOGAT pat...